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Sox21 inhibits glioma progression in vivo by reducing Sox2 and stimulating aberrant differentiation
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer and Vascular Biology. (Bengt Westermark)
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer and Vascular Biology. (Maria Ferletta)
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer and Vascular Biology. (Bengt Westermark)
Uppsala University, Disciplinary Domain of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Cancer and Vascular Biology. (Bengt Westermark)
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2013 (English)In: International Journal of Cancer, ISSN 0020-7136, E-ISSN 1097-0215, Vol. 133, no 6, p. 1345-1356Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Sox2 is a transcription factor in neural stem cells and keeps the cells immature and proliferative. Sox2 is expressed in primary human glioma such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), primary glioma cells and glioma cell lines and is implicated in signaling pathways in glioma connected to malignancy. Sox21, the counteracting partner of Sox2, has the same expression pattern as Sox2 in glioma but in general induces opposite effects. In this study, Sox21 was overexpressed by using a tetracycline-regulated expression system (tet-on) in glioma cells. The glioma cells were injected subcutaneously into immunodeficient mice. The control tumors were highly proliferative, contained microvascular proliferation and large necrotic areas typical of human GBM. Induction of Sox21 in the tumor cells resulted in a significant smaller tumor size, and the effect correlated with the onset of treatment, where earlier treatment gave smaller tumors. Mice injected with glioma cells orthotopically into the brain survived significantly longer when Sox21 expression was induced. Tumors originating from glioma cells with an induced expression of Sox21 exhibited an increased formation of Sox2:Sox21 complexes and an upregulation of S100β, CNPase and Tuj1. Sox21 appears to decrease the stem-like cell properties of the tumor cells and initiate aberrant differentiation of glioma cells in vivo. Taken together our results indicate that Sox21 can function as a tumor suppressor during gliomagenesis mediated by a shift in the balance between Sox2 and Sox21. The wide distribution of Sox2 and Sox21 in GBM makes the Sox2/Sox21 axis a very interesting target for novel therapy of gliomas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2013. Vol. 133, no 6, p. 1345-1356
Keywords [en]
brain tumors, glioma, Sox2, Sox21, S100
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences Cell and Molecular Biology
Research subject
Medical Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-182943DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28147OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-182943DiVA, id: diva2:561506
Available from: 2012-10-19 Created: 2012-10-19 Last updated: 2018-01-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Molecular and Cellular Complexity of Glioma: Highlights on the Double-Edged-Sword of Infiltration Versus Proliferation and the Involvement of T Cells
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Molecular and Cellular Complexity of Glioma: Highlights on the Double-Edged-Sword of Infiltration Versus Proliferation and the Involvement of T Cells
2012 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and malignant brain tumor, is characterized by high molecular and cellular heterogeneity within and among tumors. Parameters such as invasive growth, infiltration of immune cells and endothelial proliferation contribute in a systemic manner to maintain the malignancy.

Studies in this thesis show that the expression of Sox2 is correlated with Sox21 in human gliomas. We demonstrate that an upregulation of Sox21 induces loss of proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in glioma cells in vitro and in vivo and seems to correlate with decreased Sox2 expression. Induced expression of Sox21 in vivo significantly reduces the tumor size and increase the survival extensively, suggesting that Sox21 can act as a tumor suppressor Our studies indicate that the balance of Sox21-Sox2 in glioma cells is decisive of either a proliferative or a non-proliferative state.

Several TGFß family members have an important role in glioma development. TGFß promotes proliferation and tumorigenicity whereas BMPs mostly inhibit proliferation. We demonstrate that BMP7 can induce the transcription factor Snail in glioma cells and that this reduces the tumorigenicity with a concomitant increase in invasiveness. Thus, we have identified a mechanism to the double-edged sword of proliferation versus invasiveness in GBM, the latter contributing to relapse in patients.

Experimental gliomas were induced with the Sleeping Beauty (SB) model in mice with different immunological status of their T cells. The tumors that developed were either GBMs or highly diffuse in their growth, reminiscent of gliomatosis cerebri (GC). GC is a highly uncommon form of glioma characterized by extensive infiltrative growth in large parts of the brain. It is an orphan disease and today there is practically a total lack of relevant experimental models. The SB system would constitute a novel experimental model to study the mechanisms behind the development of diffusely growing tumors like GC. The presence or absence of T cells did not affect tumor development.

The work in this thesis demonstrates that the proliferative and the invasive capacities of glioma cells can be dissociated and that the SB model constitutes an excellent model to study the highly proliferative cells in GBMs versus the highly invasive cells in diffuse tumors like .GC.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2012. p. 79
Series
Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1651-6206 ; 838
Keywords
glioma, Sox2, Sox21, Snail, Bone morphogenetic protein, Sleeping Beauty, Gliomatosis Cerebri, T lymphocytes, T regulatory lymphocytes
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology Cell Biology Cancer and Oncology
Research subject
Oncology; Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183669 (URN)978-91-554-8530-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2012-12-14, Rudbecksalen, Rudbecklaboratoriet, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 20, Uppsala, 09:15 (English)
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Available from: 2012-11-23 Created: 2012-10-31 Last updated: 2018-01-12

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