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From the Linear to the Circular: Re-thinking Operational Depth
Swedish Defence University, Department of War Studies, Land Operations Division.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3516-1125
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This is an exploratory, concept-developing compilation thesis focusing on Operational Art, particularly Depth. It is a fieldwork-oriented project using Israelas a case study to examine how a deficiency in physical Depth can be effectively managed in relation to an adversary, while challenging the common assumption that a lack of physical space inevitably leads to military defeat. The thesis utilises a theoretical foundation of manoeuvre theory (MT) and systemic operational design (SOD), and two specific approaches: first, it broadens the concept of Depth to include a cognitive element alongside its usual physical and temporal dimensions; second, it challenges the linear, reverse-engineered approach to Operational Art often seen in Western contexts by adopting a nonlinear perspective that emphasises anticipation and the cunning exploitation of emerging potential. Research was conducted in Israel across five periods, including interviews with a comprehensive group of seasoned generals and insightful others, field excursions, training in Operational Art, and case studies of previous engagements by the Israel Defence Forces. Three main contributions are presented: firstly, it offers hard-to access insights into Israeli operational thinking;secondly, it demonstrates how Depth can be expanded cognitively even when physical resources are limited;thirdly, it introduces and develops a circular model that can generate Depth in new ways by leveraging existing resources rather than focusing on what is missing. Thet hesis highlights a strong interest in Depth-related activity within Israeli operational thinking due to its limited geography and predominantly hostile neighbourhood. Consistent with the nonlinear approach, it concludes that Depth is best understood as the unrestricted freedom of manoeuvre available to the operational commander when engaging the enemy. Although operating in Depth is often regarded as more effective because it offers significantly greater freedom compared to the front, the main obstacle to achieving this freedom is created by friendly forces through doctrine, tradition, and the prevailing paradigm—obstacles that require active manipulation to secure sufficient operational freedom to act in new ways from one operation to another.

Abstract [sv]

Detta är en konceptutvecklande sammanläggningsavhandling om operationskonst och dess centrala parameter, Djup. Det är ett explorativt, fältstudie-fokuserat projekt där Israel används för att undersöka hur avsaknad av fysiskt Djup kan hanteras effektivt i förhållande till en väpnad motståndare. Genom sin litenhet jämfört med sitt operativa CV sätter Israel en egen standard och utmanar uppfattningen att frånvaron av fysiskt territorium leder till militärt nederlag. Med konceptutvecklande ambitioner breddas synen på Djup till att även inkludera kognitiva aspekter, utöver dess fysiska och temporala dimensioner. Dessutom utmanas den linjära tankegången och fokuset på ”reverse-engineering” som ofta finns i västliga operativa sammanhang. Istället antas en icke-linjär approach med fokus på förändring och möjligheter som uppstår under ett pågående skeende, vilket harmoniserar med den operativa filosofi som man hittar i Israel. Inhämtningen har skett i Israel under fem separata vistelser, där en grupp erfarna generaler och andra med viktiga insikter har intervjuats, parallellt med exkursioner i den operativa miljön, träning i operationskonst och fallstudier av operationer där Israels försvarsmakt, IDF, har deltagit. Dessa studier ger sällsynta insikter i israeliskt operativt tänkande, där ett stort intresse för djupoperationer kan observeras, samt att Djup kan förstås som det oinskränkta handlingsutrymme den operativa befälhavaren har i kampen mot motståndaren. De främsta hindren för effektivt och oförutsägbart agerande är enligt studien den egna sidans doktriner, traditioner och organisatoriska strukturer, vilka kräver aktiv manipulation för att maximera den operativa effekten. När fysiskt Djup är begränsat framhävs vikten av ett kognitivt angreppssätt, vilket stöds av en cirkulär modell för att utnyttja de verktyg vi faktiskt har, i stället för att fokusera på vad som saknas.

Avhandlingen försöker varken förstå eller förklara det pågående kriget i regionen, eller den större frågan som berör Israel och Palestina.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Försvarshögskolan (FHS), 2025. , p. 278
Series
Swedish Defence University Thesis Series, ISSN 2004-6871 ; 2025, 4
Keywords [en]
Strategy, Operational Art, Operational Depth, Manoeuvre thinking, Operational Design, Nonlinear.
Keywords [sv]
Strategi, Operationskonst, Operativt Djup, Manövertänkande, Operationsdesign, Ickelinjär
National Category
War, Crisis, and Security Studies
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-14155DOI: 10.62061/rrpk2221ISBN: 978-91-88975-60-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:fhs-14155DiVA, id: diva2:2006788
Public defence
2025-11-07, Sverigesalen, Drottning Kristinas väg 37, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-16 Created: 2025-10-16 Last updated: 2025-10-21Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Re-thinking operational depth—A source of power
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Re-thinking operational depth—A source of power
2021 (English)In: Comparative Strategy, ISSN 0149-5933, E-ISSN 1521-0448, Vol. 40, no 4, p. 387-406Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [sv]

This article addresses the inferior actor problem of handling a limited physical operational depth in relation to a superior antagonist. It argues that operational depth from an inferior perspective is better viewed as a source of power, a flexible asset constructed from available skills- and resources. It suggests that ambitions to create- or extend an actors operational depth is better approached in abstract terms from the angles: physical-, temporal, and cognitive, whereas the former two offers the more traditional perspectives, while the latter offers an auxiliary approach to better exploit possibilities from an inferior perspective beyond physical space- and resources.

National Category
Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Research subject
Krigsvetenskap
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-10538 (URN)10.1080/01495933.2021.1939615 (DOI)
Available from: 2021-12-14 Created: 2021-12-14 Last updated: 2025-10-16Bibliographically approved
2. Wizards of depth: Israel’s area of operations and lessons learned from its depth dimension
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Wizards of depth: Israel’s area of operations and lessons learned from its depth dimension
2024 (English)In: Defence Studies, ISSN 1470-2436, E-ISSN 1743-9698, Vol. 24, no 1, p. 1-24Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article aims to broaden the understanding of Operational Depth (OD) by rethinking how it can be perceived. The emphasis when doing so is dedicated to cognitive effects, thus another dimension of depth, compared to the mainstream physical- or temporal approaches to depth in military thought. The empirical focus draws on Israel and explicitly the case of the 2006 war between Israel and Hezbollah to provide an example where a lack of physical depth is skillfully handled, hence the title Wizards of Depth. The empiric inquiry is guided by an analytical framework, departing from a theoretical elaboration where OD is approached as a circular trinity: the ability to project, absorb, and manoeuver available coercive assets along offensive and defensive lines of operation. By using this definition in concert with the analytical framework, the article represents a mediation − a dialectic practice between the linear approaches to operations of the West and the more circular, often non-contiguous, and evolving perceptions found further east. When doing so, the article demonstrates how depth can be perceived in various ways, subsequently providing possible avenues to extend depth for actors beyond the Israeli example. A qualitative approach is employed, drawing on extensive fieldwork in Israel.

Keywords
Land warfare, war, defence, Israel, operational depth
National Category
Political Science
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-12083 (URN)10.1080/14702436.2023.2288117 (DOI)
Available from: 2024-01-03 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2025-10-16Bibliographically approved
3. From the Linear towards the Circular: Strategy, Operational Art and Israeli perceptions of depth
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From the Linear towards the Circular: Strategy, Operational Art and Israeli perceptions of depth
2025 (English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
National Category
War, Crisis, and Security Studies
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-14152 (URN)
Available from: 2025-10-15 Created: 2025-10-15 Last updated: 2025-10-16
4. Between depth and takhbulah: learning to exploit cunning intelligence in future strategy and operations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Between depth and takhbulah: learning to exploit cunning intelligence in future strategy and operations
2024 (English)In: Comparative Strategy, ISSN 0149-5933, E-ISSN 1521-0448, Vol. 43, no 5, p. 500-523Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article is about Operational art and the feature of depth. It exploits the Israeli Operational concept of takhbulah, a deceptive two-stage theory thriving on the changing nature of reality. Challenging military ideal models and rigid paradigms, it displays how conformity to emergence and courses of action outside perceived boundaries, normally choking creativity, can provide an effective cognitive depth enhancer by unlocking potential already in possession. The article is based on substantial studies in Israel, including five research trips, interviews with some 20 generals and a range of prominent others’ culminating with a three-week one-on-one operational dialogue with the director of the IDF General’s course.

National Category
Other Social Sciences
Research subject
War Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-13375 (URN)10.1080/01495933.2024.2383149 (DOI)
Projects
Herman Friedländers Militära stipendium
Available from: 2025-01-07 Created: 2025-01-07 Last updated: 2025-10-16Bibliographically approved

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